Stands for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing.2.Ĭhapter 4 Enhanced Entity-Relationship and We start in Section 4.1 by incorporating the Model can be enhanced to include these concepts, leadingto the Many of these concepts were also developed inde-pendently in related areas of computer science, such as theĪrea in software engineering.In this chapter, we describe features that have been proposed for semantic data Various semantic data modelshave been proposed in the literature. Thisled to the development of additionalĬoncepts that were incorpo-rated into conceptual data models such as the These types of data-bases have more complex requirements than do the more traditional applications. ), telecommunications, complex software systems, and Geo-graphic Information Systems ( ![]() ![]() This was particularly important fornewer applications of database technology, such as databases for engineering design andmanufacturing ( Since the late 1970s, however, designersof database applications have tried to design more accurate database schemas that reflectthe data properties and constraints more precisely. Modeling concepts discussed in Chapter 3 are sufficient for representing manydatabase schemas for traditional database applications, which mainly include data-processing applications in business and industry.
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